出處
紐約政府承接管理權 總督島正式發展為公用公園
2010-04-12
經過多個月的談判，紐約州市政府官員週日(11日)宣佈一項協議，把紐約海港中面積172畝的總督島(Governors Island)管理權正式由州政府移交市政府，距離實現一項大規模的重建計劃，又再邁進一大步。
這項協議蘊藏一項初步發展方案，重建這個位於曼哈頓南端海港的前軍事要塞。市政府建議的發展計劃包括海濱長2.2哩的漫步徑，87畝公用的綠色空間，重建計劃工程預定2010年末展開。
這項協議會成立一個名為「總督島運作法團委員會」(Governors Island Operating Entity)的組織，管理髮展總督島，但島上22畝的國家紀念區則由聯邦國家公園局管理。上述委員會有13名委員，9人由市長彭博委任。
彭博表示：「今天的協議，對總督島設定新的與清晰的權限，容許我們進一步改善這個海島，落實發展總督島的總計劃。」
對總督島的重建計劃，會成為彭博市長政權一項可見的遺贈品，因為彭博一向標榜優先要擴大公立公園的空間。這項協議也顯示彭博市長的功業 – 在經濟衰退期間從州政府手裏強行接管資產。
在上個月，市政府也根據一項類似的協議，從州政府手中接管了布碌侖大橋公園(Brooklyn Bridge Park)。
總督島原來是美國陸軍基地，其後成為海岸防衛隊(Coast Guards)基地 – 有200年曆史之久。
聯邦政府在2003年放棄總督島的業權，把小島轉交州政府，自此以來，州市政府一直在醞釀與談判重建總督島的計劃。
總督島現在從夏季到秋季是向公眾開放的，訪客必須乘坐渡輪前往，島上設有畫廊、舞台劇表演，今年9月會有一間公立高中在島上開課，紐約市立大學也有意在此設立分校。
自從總督島向公眾開放後，吸引了27萬5000名訪客，但去年卻因為州市政府之間的爭執而幾乎導致無法開放，原因是州政府拒絕付出它應該付的一份運作費用。
彭博市長在一份聲明中表示：「總督島有無限潛力會成為紐約市另一項名勝，今天的協議會很快引入超過4000萬元的投資，進行亟需的基本建設維修工程，我們還公佈了發展島上近90畝空間的總計劃，與啟動了實現這項計劃的程序。」
在聯邦司法部長霍爾德去年宣佈911恐襲頭號嫌犯穆罕默德與4名同黨將會在曼哈頓下城聯邦法庭受審的時候，有些社區領袖曾建議把審判移到總督島舉行，但彭博市長反對。
總督島將於2010年6月5日起開放，只限逢週五、週六與週日開放，乘坐渡輪的地點是曼哈頓最南端的炮台海事大樓（Battery Maritime Building），位於South Street 10號，即南街史丹頓島渡輪碼頭旁邊。
前往這個碼頭，乘坐地鐵：1號車在South Ferry站下車，乘坐4號或5號車在Bowling Green站下車，乘坐R車與W車可在Whitehall St.站下車。乘坐公共巴士：可乘M1（只限星期五）、M6、M9與M15。
>>相關討論
::紐約市打造 Governors Island 都會樂園, 五個提案 誰會中選?::
>>相關網站
::Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation::
::Governors Island blog::
::Governors Island Park::
紐約政府承接管理權 總督島(Governors Island)正式發展為公用公園
Re: 紐約政府承接管理權 總督島(Governors Island)正式發展為公用公園
距曼哈坦下城約八百碼、獨立在海域中央的總督島(Governor's Island)，面積172英畝，是紐約市最大的未開發地塊，過去一直作為軍事基地。島上有220座建築物，包括十八、十九世紀前的宏偉建物、內戰時期使用的軍械庫，以及維多利亞及羅馬式的樓宇。
總督島開發於1624年，乃荷蘭西印公司在紐約最早佔領的一個殖民地。自開發以來，該島一直屬紐約州政府管轄，直到1800年，聯邦政府接管，並將該島改建為軍事基地及軍營。過去在1812年的戰爭、內戰、第一、第二次世界大戰，以及波斯灣戰爭期間，該島是保衛紐約市港灣的重要基地。
為了開發總督島，「Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation (總督島保護和教育公司)」曾經舉行了一次開發規劃設計競圖，由該公司邀請的五支設計團隊均提交了他們的整體規劃方案。
按照約定，勝出的設計團隊將與總督島保護和教育公司及社區，一起決定總督島開放空間的設計。除去草地，購物中心，海灘，花園和人行道，五個設計都包含了某種形式的一個圓形劇場，一個教育機構和食品服務。每種設計都包含原生態的組成部分，如野生動物棲息地。
大部分的設計都為總督島未來的商業發展制定了計劃，比如旅館和購物中心，但是只有兩個設計包括有運動場。儘管各個設計的細節有所不同，但每個設計都具有自己獨特的地方。
2007年12月20日，總督島保護和教育公司最終決定由荷蘭景觀建築公司 West 8 領軍的設計組在紐約總督島設計一座新的公園和開放空間。
在靠近曼哈頓南端的一塊172英畝的土地上，將修建圍繞水域的兩英里長的散步道；在島嶼南部建造一座新的40英畝的公園，並改善北部的國家歷史區內的公園設計。West 8的阿德瑞安（Adriaan Geuze）在一份聲明中說：「這些空間將讓紐約人和其他遊客經歷全新的迷人而獨特的娛樂、文化和教育體驗。」
NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF 在 NYTimes 上有篇文章：
Governors Island Vision Adds Hills and Hammocks
By NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF
Published: April 12, 2010
When the federal government sold Governors Island to the City and State of New York for one dollar in January 2003, it wasn’t clear who had gotten the short end of the stick.
Was it really worth a dollar? Few people had visited the island since it was abandoned by the Coast Guard in 1997. For those who could get onto it, the charm of the 19th- and early-20th-century military buildings on the north end wore off as soon as they saw the southern end, a flat sprawl of concrete barracks and warehouses from the 1970s and ’80s. And in an era when government was increasingly dependent on the private sector to finance what once would have been public initiatives, it was hard to see how the city and state would ever raise the money to develop the island themselves. (A few proposals being tossed around at the time, including a global peace park and a theme SpongeBob SquarePants hotel, didn’t inspire confidence.)
But Sunday’s announcement that the City of New York has reached a deal to take control of the island from the state and will push ahead with a plan that includes a 2.2-mile-long waterfront promenade and a 40-acre park, offers reassuring evidence that even in difficult times it is possible to get the tricky balance between public good and private interests right — or at least right enough.
The plan, by Adriaan Geuze of the Dutch landscape architecture firm West 8, calls for a park that, if realized, will eventually include a cluster of steep, artificially created hills that form a focal point at the park’s center, visually tying it back to the city. Its wildly original array of parkscapes — including a “hammock grove,” a grottolike shelter, playing fields and marshlands — will give the island the kind of strong identity it currently lacks. When considered with Michael Van Valkenburgh’s Brooklyn Bridge Park, under construction across the harbor in Brooklyn, it represents a shift in the character of the city’s park system as a whole that is as revolutionary as Robert Moses’ early public works projects or Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux’s Central Park.
The city has committed $41.5 million to the first phase of the development, which still has to go through the standard public review process, and is tentatively scheduled to begin construction in 2012. A new ferry landing area is to be built at the northern end of the island, with a big shaded lawn overlooking the Lower Manhattan skyline. The northern half of the Great Promenade, which will eventually encircle the entire island, will allow people to stroll along the waterfront under a shaded walkway with views that reach from the Statue of Liberty to Brooklyn Heights. And the city will replace the asphalt parking lot on the south side of McKim, Mead & White’s 1929 Liggett Hall, an old Army barracks that divides the island in half: visitors passing through the hall’s central archway will emerge onto a mosaic terrace bordered by flower beds.
It is from here that the development’s second phase — for which the city will need to raise some $220 million — should eventually unfold. Pathways will wind south through a wild array of sloping lawns and densely wooded areas, with the hills just beyond them in the near distance. Scores of hammocks will be suspended in a forest of oak and birch trees. In a rendering that shows the hammocks sagging under the weight of people napping inside them, they bring to mind human-size cocoons.
This processional narrative reaches its climax with the hills, which will be partly built on the rubble left over from the demolition of the Coast Guard barracks and warehouses. Some will drop off into cliffs on one side, creating “view channels” to major landmarks: for example, one path cuts through a narrow canyon that lines up with the statue of Liberty; another looks out toward the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. A paved terrace, with a 360-degree view of the island’s surroundings, tops the tallest hill; a more informal meadow another.
To the west, a cafe structure designed by the architecture firm Diller Scofidio & Renfro will sit at the water’s edge, facing the Statue of Liberty. A lawn expands out onto the building’s roof, where visitors will be able to climb down through a large hole into a grotto-like shelter open to the water.
The island’s southern end culminates in a watery landscape of marshes and tidal basins. By now the hills have entirely blocked out the view of the Manhattan skyline. A raised concrete walkway wraps around the marshes at the tip of the island, so that visitors should feel as if the edge of the land were dissolving around them. To add to the sensory experience, Mr. Geuze plans to plant the area with strong-smelling plants, like sea asparagus and lavender.
The movement within the design — the disappearance and reappearance of carefully framed urban views; the shift from a verticality that intentionally echoes the downtown Manhattan skyline to the flatness of the water’s surface — is its single most impressive feature. But such variations also speak to the ways the city itself is changing. The exaggerated steepness of the hills, for example, is not only a clear nod to their artificiality — a “green” counterpoint to Manhattan’s towers — but also a practical response to rising sea levels caused by global warming.
Another positive aspect of the design is the care that has been given to the boundaries that will divide the park from two future development zones on the island’s east and west sides. These lines are gently curved, giving them a more naturalistic feel, and Mr. Geuze has proposed several major view corridors that will cut through the development areas, which should help mitigate their large size.
The big question is what happens from here. Critical aspects of the project still need to be ironed out. The city has yet to determine who will develop the areas around the park. We might end up with anything from university buildings (New York University has suggested that it could build dormitories and classroom space on the island) to luxury hotels and a conference center. And there are those who will argue, with some justification, that the plan for Governors Island is part of a larger, continuing process of gentrification in New York City that raises its own questions about whom these projects ultimately serve.
Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg’s ambitious park plans, in fact, are in some ways contradictory. On the one hand they are genuinely democratic, creating valuable public space that can be shared by all New Yorkers. On the other, they are a savvy way to raise property values, which ends up pushing the poor and middle classes farther and farther out from the city’s center.
Governors Island may turn out to be a crucial project in this respect. Sitting in the middle of the harbor, it ought to be accessible to working-class families from Staten Island and the Lower East Side of Manhattan, as well as to wealthier downtowners and Red Hook’s bourgeois bohemians. The nature of the developments that flank the park will be critical to determining whether the island feels as if it belongs to all of them, or just to those few who can afford to pay for its upkeep.
總督島開發於1624年，乃荷蘭西印公司在紐約最早佔領的一個殖民地。自開發以來，該島一直屬紐約州政府管轄，直到1800年，聯邦政府接管，並將該島改建為軍事基地及軍營。過去在1812年的戰爭、內戰、第一、第二次世界大戰，以及波斯灣戰爭期間，該島是保衛紐約市港灣的重要基地。
為了開發總督島，「Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation (總督島保護和教育公司)」曾經舉行了一次開發規劃設計競圖，由該公司邀請的五支設計團隊均提交了他們的整體規劃方案。
按照約定，勝出的設計團隊將與總督島保護和教育公司及社區，一起決定總督島開放空間的設計。除去草地，購物中心，海灘，花園和人行道，五個設計都包含了某種形式的一個圓形劇場，一個教育機構和食品服務。每種設計都包含原生態的組成部分，如野生動物棲息地。
大部分的設計都為總督島未來的商業發展制定了計劃，比如旅館和購物中心，但是只有兩個設計包括有運動場。儘管各個設計的細節有所不同，但每個設計都具有自己獨特的地方。
2007年12月20日，總督島保護和教育公司最終決定由荷蘭景觀建築公司 West 8 領軍的設計組在紐約總督島設計一座新的公園和開放空間。
在靠近曼哈頓南端的一塊172英畝的土地上，將修建圍繞水域的兩英里長的散步道；在島嶼南部建造一座新的40英畝的公園，並改善北部的國家歷史區內的公園設計。West 8的阿德瑞安（Adriaan Geuze）在一份聲明中說：「這些空間將讓紐約人和其他遊客經歷全新的迷人而獨特的娛樂、文化和教育體驗。」
NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF 在 NYTimes 上有篇文章：
Governors Island Vision Adds Hills and Hammocks
By NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF
Published: April 12, 2010
When the federal government sold Governors Island to the City and State of New York for one dollar in January 2003, it wasn’t clear who had gotten the short end of the stick.
Was it really worth a dollar? Few people had visited the island since it was abandoned by the Coast Guard in 1997. For those who could get onto it, the charm of the 19th- and early-20th-century military buildings on the north end wore off as soon as they saw the southern end, a flat sprawl of concrete barracks and warehouses from the 1970s and ’80s. And in an era when government was increasingly dependent on the private sector to finance what once would have been public initiatives, it was hard to see how the city and state would ever raise the money to develop the island themselves. (A few proposals being tossed around at the time, including a global peace park and a theme SpongeBob SquarePants hotel, didn’t inspire confidence.)
But Sunday’s announcement that the City of New York has reached a deal to take control of the island from the state and will push ahead with a plan that includes a 2.2-mile-long waterfront promenade and a 40-acre park, offers reassuring evidence that even in difficult times it is possible to get the tricky balance between public good and private interests right — or at least right enough.
The plan, by Adriaan Geuze of the Dutch landscape architecture firm West 8, calls for a park that, if realized, will eventually include a cluster of steep, artificially created hills that form a focal point at the park’s center, visually tying it back to the city. Its wildly original array of parkscapes — including a “hammock grove,” a grottolike shelter, playing fields and marshlands — will give the island the kind of strong identity it currently lacks. When considered with Michael Van Valkenburgh’s Brooklyn Bridge Park, under construction across the harbor in Brooklyn, it represents a shift in the character of the city’s park system as a whole that is as revolutionary as Robert Moses’ early public works projects or Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux’s Central Park.
The city has committed $41.5 million to the first phase of the development, which still has to go through the standard public review process, and is tentatively scheduled to begin construction in 2012. A new ferry landing area is to be built at the northern end of the island, with a big shaded lawn overlooking the Lower Manhattan skyline. The northern half of the Great Promenade, which will eventually encircle the entire island, will allow people to stroll along the waterfront under a shaded walkway with views that reach from the Statue of Liberty to Brooklyn Heights. And the city will replace the asphalt parking lot on the south side of McKim, Mead & White’s 1929 Liggett Hall, an old Army barracks that divides the island in half: visitors passing through the hall’s central archway will emerge onto a mosaic terrace bordered by flower beds.
It is from here that the development’s second phase — for which the city will need to raise some $220 million — should eventually unfold. Pathways will wind south through a wild array of sloping lawns and densely wooded areas, with the hills just beyond them in the near distance. Scores of hammocks will be suspended in a forest of oak and birch trees. In a rendering that shows the hammocks sagging under the weight of people napping inside them, they bring to mind human-size cocoons.
This processional narrative reaches its climax with the hills, which will be partly built on the rubble left over from the demolition of the Coast Guard barracks and warehouses. Some will drop off into cliffs on one side, creating “view channels” to major landmarks: for example, one path cuts through a narrow canyon that lines up with the statue of Liberty; another looks out toward the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. A paved terrace, with a 360-degree view of the island’s surroundings, tops the tallest hill; a more informal meadow another.
To the west, a cafe structure designed by the architecture firm Diller Scofidio & Renfro will sit at the water’s edge, facing the Statue of Liberty. A lawn expands out onto the building’s roof, where visitors will be able to climb down through a large hole into a grotto-like shelter open to the water.
The island’s southern end culminates in a watery landscape of marshes and tidal basins. By now the hills have entirely blocked out the view of the Manhattan skyline. A raised concrete walkway wraps around the marshes at the tip of the island, so that visitors should feel as if the edge of the land were dissolving around them. To add to the sensory experience, Mr. Geuze plans to plant the area with strong-smelling plants, like sea asparagus and lavender.
The movement within the design — the disappearance and reappearance of carefully framed urban views; the shift from a verticality that intentionally echoes the downtown Manhattan skyline to the flatness of the water’s surface — is its single most impressive feature. But such variations also speak to the ways the city itself is changing. The exaggerated steepness of the hills, for example, is not only a clear nod to their artificiality — a “green” counterpoint to Manhattan’s towers — but also a practical response to rising sea levels caused by global warming.
Another positive aspect of the design is the care that has been given to the boundaries that will divide the park from two future development zones on the island’s east and west sides. These lines are gently curved, giving them a more naturalistic feel, and Mr. Geuze has proposed several major view corridors that will cut through the development areas, which should help mitigate their large size.
The big question is what happens from here. Critical aspects of the project still need to be ironed out. The city has yet to determine who will develop the areas around the park. We might end up with anything from university buildings (New York University has suggested that it could build dormitories and classroom space on the island) to luxury hotels and a conference center. And there are those who will argue, with some justification, that the plan for Governors Island is part of a larger, continuing process of gentrification in New York City that raises its own questions about whom these projects ultimately serve.
Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg’s ambitious park plans, in fact, are in some ways contradictory. On the one hand they are genuinely democratic, creating valuable public space that can be shared by all New Yorkers. On the other, they are a savvy way to raise property values, which ends up pushing the poor and middle classes farther and farther out from the city’s center.
Governors Island may turn out to be a crucial project in this respect. Sitting in the middle of the harbor, it ought to be accessible to working-class families from Staten Island and the Lower East Side of Manhattan, as well as to wealthier downtowners and Red Hook’s bourgeois bohemians. The nature of the developments that flank the park will be critical to determining whether the island feels as if it belongs to all of them, or just to those few who can afford to pay for its upkeep.